Free shipping through Elsevier online bookstore. Shop science, technology and health journals, articles, textbooks, reference books and DRM free eBooks. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. United nations environment programme international labour organisation world health organization international programme on chemical safety. MDGuidelines is the most trusted source of disability guidelines, disability durations, and return to work information on bone tumors benign and malignant. Hand Wikipedia. A hand is a prehensile, multi fingered organ located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala which has two opposable thumbs on each hand and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints are often described as having hands instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having hands though opposable thumbs are lacking. Some evolutionary anatomists use the term hand to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally  for example, in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand. The human hand normally has five digits four fingers plus one thumb. In some languages, the human hand is said to have five fingers, including the thumb as one of the fingers. It has 2. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. Each human hand has five metacarpals6 and eight carpal bones. Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body, and are the richest source of tactile feedback. Human Bone Manual Elsevier Adaptive QuizzingThey also have the greatest positioning capability of the body thus, the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs eyes, feet, legs each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, so that handednessthe preferred hand choice for single handed activities such as writing with a pencil, reflects individual brain functioning. Among humans, the hands play an important function in body language and sign language. Likewise the 1. 0 digits of two hands, and the 1. StructureeditMany mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws, claws, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism. Human Bone Manual Elsevier PublishingThe only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates. Hands must also have opposable thumbs, as described later in the text. The hand is located at the distal end of each arm. Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands, because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb, thus enabling the feet to be used as hands. The word hand is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand. Areas of the human hand include The palm Volar, which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand, located superficially to the metacarpus. The skin in this area contains dermal papillae to increase friction, such as are also present on the fingers and used for fingerprints. The opisthenar area dorsal is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand. The heel of the hand is the area anteriorly to the bases of the metacarpal bones, located in the proximal part of the palm. It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support, such as in handstand. Safety and Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein2 for Spinal Fusion A Metaanalysis of IndividualParticipant Data Free. Rar Key 7.0 Serial there. There are five digits attached to the hand, notably with a nail fixed to the end in place of the normal claw. The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others The thumb connected to the first metacarpal bone and trapezium is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition. The skeleton of the human hand consists of 2. The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanx of the fingers and thumb. These articulations with the fingers are the metacarpophalangeal joints known as the knuckles. The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb, and are numbered I V thumb to little finger when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position palm up. S1110866515000341-gr4.jpg' alt='Human Bone Manual Elsevier' title='Human Bone Manual Elsevier' />The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones proximal, middle, and distal. The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx. Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly articulated chains. Because supination and pronation rotation about the axis of the forearm are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist, the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand. There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand, small ossified nodes embedded in tendons the exact number varies between people 5 whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints, sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb 7. In rare cases, sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger. The articulations are. Arches of the hand. Red one of the oblique arches. Brown one of the longitudinal arches of the digits. Dark green transverse carpal arch. Light green transverse metacarpal arch. The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches longitudinal arches the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones, transverse arches formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones, and oblique arches between the thumb and four fingers Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand, that of the thumb is the most mobile and the least longitudinal. While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility, the remaining rays are firmly rigid. The phalangeal joints of the index finger, however, offer some independence to its finger, due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons. The carpal bones form two transversal rows, each forming an arch concave on the palmar side. Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the keystone of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension. Software Testing By Yogesh Singh Pdf Download. The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch. The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament and the intercarpal ligaments also oriented transversally. These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the deep and superficial palmar arches. Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch. Compared to the carpal arches, the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals thumb and little finger.